高中英语语法要点精讲与总结技巧

高中英语语法体系庞大而精妙,涵盖了名词性从句、It用法及其句型、省略现象、主谓一致、动词不定式、倒装结构、定语从句、被动语态、祈使句、感叹句、疑问句等多个核心板块。下面将为您系统梳理这些语法要点,助您构建扎实的英语语法基础,提升语言运用能力。

### 表语从句:连接主语与描述的桥梁

表语从句是英语语法中不可或缺的一部分,它作为系动词的表语,用于具体描述主语的状态或特征。表语从句的构成通常遵循”关联词+简单句”的固定模式,其引导词种类丰富多样:

1. **从属连词that**
that在表语从句中不充当句子成分,仅起连接作用。例如:
“The problem is that we lack sufficient resources.”(问题在于我们缺乏足够资源。)
注意:that引导表语从句时不可省略,如:”It remains a mystery that he left so suddenly.”(他为何突然离开仍是个谜。)

2. **从属连词whether, as, as if**
这类连词常用于表达假设或不确定的情况。例如:
“He acted as if nothing had happened.”(他表现得好像什么都没发生。)
“The question is whether we should postpone the meeting.”(问题是是否该推迟会议。)
特别说明:if一般不引导表语从句,但as if例外,如:”It looked as if it would rain.”(天看起来像是要下雨。)

3. **连接代词与副词**
who, what, where, when, how等词引导表语从句时,需在句中承担具体成分。例如:
“The question is who will take charge.”(问题是谁会负责。)
“The most important thing is how we can improve efficiency.”(最重要的事是我们如何提高效率。)

4. **特殊用法**
– because可引导表语从句,如:”I believe it is because of his effort that he succeeded.”
– 在建议、命令等名词后的表语从句中,需使用虚拟语气(should+动词原形),通常should可省略。例如:
“My advice is that you apologize immediately.”(我的建议是你立刻道歉。)

### 主语从句:句子的核心支柱

主语从句作为句子的核心成分,位于系动词之前,承担句子的主语功能。其构成同样遵循”关联词+简单句”模式:

1. **从属连词引导**
– that:常用于陈述事实,如:”That he will succeed is certain.”(他将成功是确定的。)
– whether:用于不确定或选择性的内容,如:”Whether she will attend remains unknown.”

2. **连接代词与副词引导**
这类关联词需在从句中充当具体成分。例如:
“What she said surprised everyone.”(她说的话让所有人都惊讶。)
“How they managed to finish on time is amazing.”(他们如何按时完成令人惊叹。)
“Wherever you go, I will follow.”(无论你去哪里,我都会跟随。)

### 宾语从句:表达动作承受者

宾语从句作为及物动词或介词的宾语,承受动词或介词的动作。其引导词同样丰富:

1. **从属连词that**
that在宾语从句中不省略的特殊情况:
– 连接两个并列宾语时,如:”I know both that he is honest and that he is reliable.”
– 作介词宾语时,如:”I am interested in that he achieved so much at such a young age.”
– 从句位于句首时,如:”That he lied is beyond doubt.”
– 插入语存在时,如:”We decided, in view of the circumstances, that he should leave.”

2. **介词宾语从句**
宾语从句可与介词搭配使用,如:”He was upset by what she said.”(她的话让他很生气。)
注意:部分介词可省略,如:”I don’t care who marries him.”

3. **if/whether引导**
用于表达不确定性或选择,如:”I wonder if we should change the plan.”

4. **疑问词+不定式结构**
这类从句具有名词功能,常作动词宾语。例如:
“She asked me what time to meet.”(她问我几点见面。)
“The challenge is how to solve this problem.”

### 同位语从句:补充说明先行词

同位语从句与先行词(fact, news, idea等)构成解释性关系,其关联词通常为that,但也可由whether、连接代词或副词引导:

1. **that引导**
“The news that the company is expanding is exciting.”(公司扩张的消息令人兴奋。)

2. **特殊引导词**
– whether:”I have no idea whether he will accept the offer.”
– 连接代词:”The question who deserves the award is under discussion.”
– 连接副词:”It remains unclear how this happened.”

### 动词不定式:多功能的语法现象

不定式由”to+动词原形”构成,是英语中用途广泛的语法结构:

1. **构成形式**
– 一般式:to do(如:”He decided to leave early.”)
– 完成式:to have done(如:”She was happy to have finished the work.”)
– 进行式:to be doing(如:”He seemed to be waiting for someone.”)
– 完成进行式:to have been doing(较少使用,强调持续状态)

2. **否定形式**
“Try not to make the same mistake again.”(尽量不要再犯同样的错误。)

3. **疑问词+不定式**
具有名词功能,如:”I wonder how to improve my English.”

4. **特殊用法**
– 作主语、表语、宾语等成分
– 介词后通常不直接接不定式,但可接”疑问词+不定式”结构(如:”He gave advice on how to succeed.”)

### -ing分词:非谓语动词的重要形式

-ing分词是动词的一种非谓语形式,可作多种句子成分:

1. **构成形式**
与不定式类似,也有一般式(doing)、完成式(having done)、进行式(being done)等变化。

2. **功能应用**
– 作主语:”Swimming is my favorite hobby.”
– 作宾语:”I enjoy reading books.”
– 作定语:”The running water is hot.”
– 作状语:”Seeing the police, the thief ran away.”

### 高中英语语法学习资源推荐

若需进一步巩固语法知识,以下资源可供参考:
– 高中英语语法知识点整理总结
– 高中英语语法总结范文精选
– 高考英语语法与知识点总结归纳
– 2020高中英语语法归纳总结
– 高一英语语法总结大全

通过系统学习这些语法板块,结合大量实践练习,您将能够灵活运用英语语法,提升语言表达的准确性和多样性。记住,语法是语言的骨架,只有掌握扎实,才能让语言表达更加生动有力。

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